Metasurfaces are artificially engineered two-dimensional structures composed of subwavelength elements arranged to manipulate electromagnetic waves in ways that are difficult to achieve with conventional materials. By carefully tailoring the geometry, orientation, and periodic arrangement of these elements, a metasurface can control important wave properties such as amplitude, phase, polarization, propagation direction, and radiation characteristics. In antenna engineering, metasurfaces are widely used to improve gain, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, beam steering, and polarization performance while maintaining a compact and low-profile configuration. Their ability to provide spatially distributed electromagnetic control makes metasurfaces particularly attractive for modern wireless communication, sensing, satellite, radar, and emerging 5G/6G applications.
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